{"id":3014,"date":"2014-10-09T15:27:21","date_gmt":"2014-10-09T15:27:21","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/?p=3014"},"modified":"2014-10-09T15:27:21","modified_gmt":"2014-10-09T15:27:21","slug":"what-do-forensic-engineers-investigate-in-atlantic-canada","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2014\/10\/09\/what-do-forensic-engineers-investigate-in-atlantic-canada\/","title":{"rendered":"What do forensic engineers investigate in Atlantic Canada?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>We investigate a\u00a0considerable variety of accidents and engineering failures.\u00a0 No two are\u00a0exactly alike.<\/p>\n<p>Also,\u00a0our work is &#8216;small&#8217; and\u00a0&#8216;medium&#8217;-sized as\u00a0opposed to\u00a0&#8216;big&#8217; and\u00a0newsworthy.\u00a0 Not\u00a0like the collapse of the Elliot Lake Mall\u00a0in\u00a0June 2012. \u00a0Nor like\u00a0the landslide in Oso, Washington in March of this year.\u00a0 We investigate tragedies like these but fortunately infrequently.<\/p>\n<p>The various failures and accidents\u00a0also stretch across different\u00a0engineering disciplines.\u00a0 For example, civil engineering and related specialities like foundation, geotechnical, and environmental engineering, and also structural, electrical, and mechanical engineering.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Similar\u00a0for civil litigators and insurance personnel?\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>I can easily imagine that this variation is not too much different from the\u00a0mostly no-two-are-alike, small and medium size cases civil litigators\u00a0handle in Atlantic Canada.\u00a0 Also those files handled by insurance claims managers, consultants, and adjusters.<\/p>\n<p>(<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">If you are quite busy<\/span>\u00a0you can get a quick\u00a0idea\u00a0of the variety &#8211; just in the forensic civil engineering field alone &#8211;\u00a0by scanning\u00a0the 16 thumbnail sketches in the\u00a0list below.\u00a0 There are links in the <strong>References<\/strong> to detailed descriptions of\u00a0four cases)<\/p>\n<p>I thought to blog on this question when I was recently asked by counsel to\u00a0briefly describe some of the engineering failures and accidents that I&#8217;ve investigated.\u00a0 I\u00a0noted\u00a022 individual cases including a couple\u00a0that were\u00a0newsworthy.\u00a0 I was struck by the variety.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Getting an idea of the magnitude of the variation in forensic work<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To get some idea of the magnitude of the variation in forensic engineering investigation you might <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>first<\/em><\/span> look at a blog I posted a few weeks ago on the different ways buildings can fail &#8211;\u00a034 and counting. (Ref. 1)\u00a0The author of the book that prompted the earlier blog missed\u00a0a good number\u00a0involving the structural and foundation failure of buildings.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Then<\/em><\/span> think about the fact that\u00a0a building\u00a0is just one type of structure in the built environment\u00a0that can have a problem.<\/p>\n<p>Our built environment comprises hundreds of different structures.\u00a0 For example, bridges, dams, wharves, roads, railways, embankments, transmission towers, power stations, drainage systems, retaining walls, and all the attendant infra structure and mechanical and\u00a0electrical services.\u00a0 All have\u00a0their long list of different ways of failing.<\/p>\n<p>A step ladder is a structure to an engineer.\u00a0 Also a pile of salt on the road, particularly if it&#8217;s a factor in\u00a0a fatal motor vehicle accident.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Risk of personal injury accidents<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It&#8217;s not difficult to imagine with such an elaborate and complex built environment that there\u00a0is\u00a0also considerable risk\u00a0for different types of personal injury accidents to occur, as distinct from failures.<\/p>\n<p>For example, there is an extensive literature just on slip, trip and fall accidents alone &#8211; many thousands of these types of accidents occur every year in North America,\u00a0with\u00a0a number of these in\u00a0Atlantic Canada.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Questioning a forensic engineer<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>All this variation might beg the question, &#8220;How can any one forensic engineer know how to investigate so many different types of failures and accidents?&#8221;\u00a0 Well, if we stay within our respective disciplines and specialties &#8211; civil engineering for me &#8211;\u00a0we can do it.\u00a0 The basic investigative principles are\u00a0the same within a specialty regardless the problem.\u00a0 I suspect the principles\u00a0are also similar across the different engineering disciplines.\u00a0 .<\/p>\n<p><strong>What do we investigate in Atlantic Canada?\u00a0 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The following <strong>categories<\/strong> of cases will give you some idea.\u00a0 The cases\u00a0are selected from my files.\u00a0 Each category represents one to several cases.\u00a0 The\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span> are described, in general, and the kinds of <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span> that might need to be addressed\u00a0are noted.<\/p>\n<p>No two cases are exactly alike as noted above, and some are very different. \u00a0The floor surfaces in the slip and fall accidents are all different.\u00a0 And slip and fall accidents are very different from a soil-steel bridge failure and also different from toxic fumes in buildings.\u00a0 And these in turn are different from\u00a0inadequately underpinned buildings, collapsing retaining walls,\u00a0landslides, tunnel failures, and\u00a0vibrating buildings.<\/p>\n<p>Most of the cases were in Atlantic Canada but\u00a0two were\u00a0at airports in the Bahamas.\u00a0 Four cases did not\u00a0result in\u00a0litigation but are quite illustrative of the variation in forensic engineering investigation.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Floods:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>C<\/em><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>ases<\/em><\/span><em>\u00a0 <\/em> Frequent land\u00a0flooding and drainage problems, and flooding of nearby structures.\u00a0 (In addition, we investigate many basement flooding problems &#8211; too numerous to mention)\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Generally, determine whether or not construction on adjacent properties caused flooding and an increase in drainage on adjoining properties.\u00a0 And, in one case, caused a three foot deep flood in the pump room of a recreational facility with a swimming pool.<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Vibrating buildings:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 The very odd occasional case like a building that vibrates in winter &#8211; not in summer, as occupants walk from one end to another.\u00a0 And ceiling-wall joints open up in winter then close in summer.\u00a0 <em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Technical issues<\/span>\u00a0<\/em> Determining the cause of this odd behaviour.\u00a0 (Difficult to refrain from telling you that it was due to differential frost action on the\u00a0foundations)\u00a0 (Ref. 2)<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong><strong>Inadequate remediation of\u00a0fuel oil contaminated sites:<\/strong>\u00a0 <\/strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0Suspected inadequate clean-up of contaminated sites at excessive cost.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical\u00a0issues<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Confidential interview\u00a0of 11 clean-up contractors in Atlantic Canada\u00a0to determine the\u00a0problems with clean-up\u00a0operations, the\u00a0cause of the problems, and the cause and\u00a0magnitude of cost over-runs.\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Collapsing fuel oil tanks:<\/strong>\u00a0 <em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Cases<\/span><\/em>\u00a0 Occasional situations are investigated where a structure is\u00a0undermined by adjacent construction work.\u00a0 In\u00a0one case, a domestic fuel oil tank collapsed into an excavation near the foundation of the tank.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Determine the\u00a0reason why the\u00a0ground gave way and undermined the tank&#8217;s foundations.\u00a0<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Slip, trip and fall accidents resulting in injuries:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>C<\/em><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>ases<\/em><\/span><em>\u00a0 S<\/em>lip and fall accidents in\u00a0apartment buildings, recreational facilities, retail outlets, and\u00a0on sidewalks.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span><em>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>(a) Appropriateness of the floor surfaces &#8211; the skid resistance, for the intended usage of the area.\u00a0 (b) Source of\u00a0contaminants on floors &#8211; a factor in\u00a0some slip and fall cases.\u00a0 (c) Maintenance of an area.<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Accidents resulting in fatalities:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>C<\/em><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>ases<\/em>\u00a0<\/span> Accidents resulting in fatalities on highways, dining rooms, and airports.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span><em> <\/em>\u00a0 (a) Whether or not a structure\u00a0on a highway was a factor causing a vehicle to run off a highway and over a sea cliff.\u00a0 (b) Whether or not a defect in a ladder caused a worker to fall.\u00a0 (c) Which wing of an aircraft struck the ground first. (Ref. 3)<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Bridge collapses:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>C<\/em><\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>ases<\/em><\/span><em>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>Occasional failures involving the collapse of soil-steel bridges &#8211; corrugated culverts spanning at least 10 feet in North America, as great as 20 to 25 feet in some locations in Atlantic Canada.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>T<\/em><em>echnical<\/em><em> issues<\/em><\/span><em>\u00a0\u00a0 <\/em>The cause of the collapse.\u00a0 And in one case, the flood level of the stream the bridge was spanning.<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Landslides:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span><em>\u00a0 <\/em>Collapsing slopes &#8211; either catastrophic,\u00a0a slow movement of a\u00a0mass of material,\u00a0or the simple sloughing of surface soil, all damaging other structures at the top, on, or at the bottom of the slope.\u00a0 <em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Technical issues<\/span>\u00a0<\/em> (a) The cause of the landslide.\u00a0 (b) Occasionally, design and overseeing stabilization of the slope.<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Falling objects:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Objects falling off different structures, e.g., ice from a building injuring a pedestrian below.\u00a0 <em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Technical issue<\/span>\u00a0<\/em> Whether or not construction\u00a0and maintenance of the\u00a0structure was a factor in\u00a0causing the object to fall.\u00a0(Ref. 4)<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Toxic fumes:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Occasional toxic odours in buildings requiring closing off of a part of a\u00a0building or vacating\u00a0the building\u00a0completely.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Determining the source and cause of the toxic fumes.<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Retaining wall collapses:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Frequent enough collapse or movement of retaining walls located inland or on the\u00a0coast\u00a0affecting the wall or property and\u00a0other structures above or below.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 (a) Determining the cause of the collapse,\u00a0or (b) damage to property and\u00a0if the\u00a0damage\u00a0is related\u00a0to a failing retaining wall.\u00a0(Ref. 5)<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Swimming pool failures:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Occasional failure of a swimming pool, for example,\u00a0by movement of the liner.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Determining the reason\u00a0a liner floated away from the side of the swimming pool.<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Excessive foundation settlement:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Frequent enough cases involving settlement of foundations damaging the structure above or affecting its performance.\u00a0 For example, in one case, rapid, excessive settlement of a swimming pool\u00a0&#8211; many inches in a few months.\u00a0 And in another case, slow, excessive settlement of a processing plant &#8211; many inches in a few years.\u00a0 <em><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Technical issues<\/span>\u00a0<\/em> (a) Determining the cause of the excessive settlement. (b) Occasionally design remedial work.<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Inadequately underpinned buildings:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Frequent enough cases of buildings not being underpinned properly during construction work to fix other problems.\u00a0 For example, the underpinning of a house associated with\u00a0remediation of a fuel oil spill.\u00a0 Also the underpinning of an apartment building during construction of a second multistory apartment building on adjoining property.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 (a) In some cases simply determining the adequacy of the underpinning.\u00a0 (b) In occasional cases, designing and overseeing construction of adequate underpinning.<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Tunnels:\u00a0<\/strong> <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0Very infrequent\u00a0case of a tunnel being driven off line.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 Determining the cause of the misalignment (In one case I investigated, this was because\u00a0a very dynamic\u00a0tunnelling method was completely incompatible with the liquefiable\u00a0soils the tunnel was\u00a0being driven\u00a0through &#8211; the saturated soils turned to &#8216;liquid&#8217; when\u00a0vibrated)<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<address><strong>Airport runways:<\/strong>\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Cases<\/em><\/span>\u00a0\u00a0A rare\u00a0case where quite large\u00a0holes &#8211; one to several feet across and deep, were appearing in the surface of a runway.\u00a0 <span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><em>Technical issues<\/em><\/span>\u00a0 (a) Determining the cause of the holes &#8211; they turned out to be what are called &#8216;banana&#8217; holes in the Bahamas.\u00a0(b) Identifying a method to\u00a0locate potential hole locations. (c)\u00a0Designing remedial measures.<\/address>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>How many ways can a building fail? <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2014\/07\/10\/how-many-ways-can-a-building-fail-and-possibly-result-in-civil-litigation-or-an-insurance-claim\/\">http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2014\/07\/10\/how-many-ways-can-a-building-fail-and-possibly-result-in-civil-litigation-or-an-insurance-claim\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Investigating a vibrating building <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2013\/04\/25\/investigating-%20a-vibrating-building\/\">http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2013\/04\/25\/investigating- a-vibrating-building\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Investigating a fatal MVA <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2013\/03\/06\/forensic-engineering-investigation-of-a-fatal-mva\/\">http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2013\/03\/06\/forensic-engineering-investigation-of-a-fatal-mva\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Falling roof ice injures man <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2013\/01\/18\/falling-roof-ice-injures-man\/\">http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2013\/01\/18\/falling-roof-ice-injures-man\/<\/a><\/li>\n<li>Gabion retaining wall collapse results in litigation <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2013\/02\/09\/gabion-retaining-wall-collapse-results-in-litigation\/\">http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2013\/02\/09\/gabion-retaining-wall-collapse-results-in-litigation\/<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h5><\/h5>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We investigate a\u00a0considerable variety of accidents and engineering failures.\u00a0 No two are\u00a0exactly alike. Also,\u00a0our work is &#8216;small&#8217; and\u00a0&#8216;medium&#8217;-sized as\u00a0opposed to\u00a0&#8216;big&#8217; and\u00a0newsworthy.\u00a0 Not\u00a0like the collapse of the Elliot Lake Mall\u00a0in\u00a0June 2012. \u00a0Nor like\u00a0the landslide in Oso, Washington in March of this &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2014\/10\/09\/what-do-forensic-engineers-investigate-in-atlantic-canada\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[15,16,17],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3014"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3014"}],"version-history":[{"count":38,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3014\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5003,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3014\/revisions\/5003"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3014"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3014"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3014"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}