{"id":3805,"date":"2015-07-30T02:28:40","date_gmt":"2015-07-30T02:28:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/?p=3805"},"modified":"2015-07-30T02:28:40","modified_gmt":"2015-07-30T02:28:40","slug":"what-is-forensic-civil-engineering","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2015\/07\/30\/what-is-forensic-civil-engineering\/","title":{"rendered":"What is forensic civil engineering?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>I thought to\u00a0re-issue my answer to this question (see\u00a0below) after reading an updated edition &#8211; 2012,\u00a0of\u00a0&#8216;Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice&#8217;<em>.\u00a0<\/em>\u00a0The\u00a0comprehensive <em>Guidelines\u00a0<\/em>were originally\u00a0published by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 2003.\u00a0\u00a0ASCE saw changes in the practice of forensic engineering in the years after 2003.\u00a0 These included\u00a0changes in how forensic engineering\u00a0should be\u00a0defined.<em>\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n<p>As stated in the Preface to the\u00a0<em>Guidelines<\/em>, regarding society in general:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Design codes and standards, construction safety regulations, tools of investigation and analysis, and dispute resolution rules and procedures have evolved since 2003, when the first edition of the <em>Guidelines<\/em> was published.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;More importantly, forensic engineering has matured, becoming a more accepted, organized, and active field of practice.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>I also thought to re-issue my answer to this question because a friend visited my blog recently and promptly left because &#8220;I don&#8217;t understand anything about that (forensic engineering)&#8221;, she said.\u00a0 No surprise, really, because her profession has no need\u00a0for such services.\u00a0 Still,\u00a0my friend&#8217;s comment made me think that I better continue to make clear what forensic engineering is about.\u00a0 Lest counsel and insurance claims managers promptly leave too.\u00a0 People who really need to know about forensic civil engineering.<\/p>\n<p>Civil engineering, including geotechnical and structural engineering, is basically concerned with the planning, design and construction of the built environment. \u00a0For example, structures &#8211; and the components of these, also their infra-structure &#8211; like buildings, roads, bridges, dams, land drainage and earth works, water and sewage treatment, distribution and\u00a0collection systems, wharves and harbour works, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes these structures or their components fail. \u00a0That is, they don&#8217;t work as planned and designed, they break, or they occasionally fall down completely &#8211; catastrophically.<\/p>\n<p>Civil engineers as problem solvers determine the cause of these failures, and also the cause of personal injury accidents &#8211; by carrying out a forensic civil engineering investigation.<\/p>\n<p>In Eastern Canada today,\u00a0following\u00a0on\u00a0the <em>Guidelines<\/em>:<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Forensic engineering can be\u00a0defined as applying engineering\u00a0principles, education, and knowledge to problems\u00a0&#8211; failures and accidents, where liability\u00a0is most often\u00a0resolved in a tribunal but may be decided in a legal forum.<\/p>\n<p>We investigate and determine the cause of problems and explain technical issues\u00a0to lay\u00a0people.\u00a0 Increasingly we advise on how to fix the problem.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The <em>Guidelines<\/em> are a good reference for counsel and insurance personnel and readily available on inter-library loan.\u00a0 Actually\u00a0a good read in some situations, like legal practice handbooks are a good read for experts. \u00a0Chapter headings in the 2012 edition indicate the thorough coverage of the practice of forensic engineering:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Competencies and qualifications of forensic engineers<\/li>\n<li>The standard of care<\/li>\n<li>Investigations and reports<\/li>\n<li>Ethics<\/li>\n<li>The legal forum<\/li>\n<li>The business of forensic engineering<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>These topics were also covered in the 2003 edition but now upgraded.<\/p>\n<p>The most significant addition to the 2012 edition of the <em>Guidelines,<\/em>\u00a0a\u00a0separate\u00a023 page chapter, is &#8220;The standard of care&#8221; &#8211; best described &#8220;&#8230;as the boundary between negligent error and non-negligent error&#8221;.\u00a0 I`m glad it`s there because it`s a difficult area of investigation for an expert.\u00a0 Counsel would do well to read this chapter.<\/p>\n<p><strong style=\"color: #000000; font-style: normal;\">References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Lewis, Gary L., Ed., American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE),\u00a0<em style=\"color: #000000;\">Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice<\/em>, 2003<\/li>\n<li>Kardon, Joshua B., American Society of Civil Engeers (ASCE), <em>Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice<\/em>, 2012<\/li>\n<li>What is forensic engineering? Posted November 20, 2012<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<h1><span style=\"color: #3366ff;\"><strong>What is forensic engineering? &#8211; as posted on November 20, 2012?<\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n<p>You&#8217;ve probably seen the word \u201cforensic\u201d in the newspapers often enough.\u00a0 The term is applied to many scientific disciplines today and to specialties outside the engineering and scientific professions.\u00a0 The following item explains what is involved in &#8220;forensic&#8221; engineering.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Origin of the word &#8220;forensic&#8221;<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The word \u201cforensic\u201d comes from the Latin <em>forum <\/em>and as an adjective means pertaining to or used in legal proceedings.\u00a0 The forensic engineer helps with the technical issues in disputes\u00a0&#8211; and their resolution &#8211;\u00a0arising from engineering failures.\u00a0 He does this\u00a0by presenting and explaining complex technical principles, technical evidence, technical facts supported by the evidence, and opinions to help the parties resolve the dispute.\u00a0 More than 90% of disputes are resolved by the parties in this manner without going to trial.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Forensic engineers\u00a0use engineering methods to investigate failures<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In my forensic engineering practice in eastern Canada, and\u00a0reviewing some literature, I\u2019ve come to think of\u00a0forensic work\u00a0as the use of the engineering approach, and various engineering methods and knowledge, to investigate the cause of failures in the built and natural environments &#8211; including environmentally related failures.\u00a0 A failure may mean total collapse, partial collapse or inadequate performance and serviceability problems.<\/p>\n<p>The same engineering approach &#8211; the methods may change,\u00a0can be used to investigate the cause of slip, trip and fall accidents, and\u00a0motor vehicle\u00a0and aviation accidents causing property damage, personal injury,\u00a0or death.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Methods the same in forensic\u00a0engineering and design engineering<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>The engineering approach and the methods used during forensic investigation are essentially the\u00a0same as those used during design of a structure.\u00a0 And in applying those methods to forensic work there would be no greater or lesser attention paid to thoroughness and accuracy.<\/p>\n<p><strong>The difference between forensic engineering and design engineering<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If there is a difference, <em>forensic\u00a0work<\/em> looks at what was done <em>in the past<\/em> to\u00a0provide for the loads on an existing\u00a0structure and whether or not it was adequate.\u00a0 <em>Design work<\/em>\u00a0looks at what must be done <em>in the future<\/em> to adequately provide for the\u00a0loads on a proposed structure.\u00a0 &#8220;Load&#8221; in engineering can be anything\u00a0to do with\u00a0a structure that should have been provided for or must be\u00a0provided for.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Forensic engineering<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Forensic engineering&#8221; is the term now accepted to connote the full spectum of services which an engineering expert can provide.\u00a0 A number of engineering disciplines might be used in\u00a0the\u00a0investigation of a failure.\u00a0 For example, civil engineering, foundation, geotechnical, environmental, structural, chemical, mechanical, and electrical, among others.\u00a0 The forensic engineer directing the investigation &#8211; usually from the discipline thought at the beginning to be\u00a0most relevant to the problem, would retain other specialists as required by different\u00a0facets of the problem.\u00a0 I&#8217;ve done that often enough\u00a0during my forensic engineering investigations.<\/p>\n<p>Most forensic engineers have higher, specialist degrees in engineering and decades of experience.\u00a0 They are usually retained by counsel for the plaintiff or defendant in a dispute, by claim&#8217;s managers\u00a0with insurance firms,\u00a0and occasionally by the court.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Anything can fail, break and fall down<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Anything in the built environment\u00a0can fail &#8211; buildings and their different components, including environmental components like fuel oil tanks, and civil engineering structures like\u00a0bridges, roads, dams, towers, wharves, and earthworks.<\/p>\n<p>Also, anything\u00a0in the natural environment can fail\u00a0&#8211; natural slopes, river banks, coast lines, flooding protection, subsidence protection, and erosion and sediment control.<\/p>\n<p>The infra structure servicing these building and civil engineering structures can\u00a0fail &#8211; infra structure like water\u00a0distribution\u00a0and sewage\u00a0collection systems, pipe lines, power distribution systems, and tunnels.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Typical forensic engineering investigations<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Forensic engineering experts might investigate why:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a building settled,<\/li>\n<li>a building caught on fire and burned,<\/li>\n<li>a bridge collapsed,<\/li>\n<li>a dam washed out,<\/li>\n<li>oil spilled contaminating the ground,<\/li>\n<li>ice fell injuring a pedestrian,<\/li>\n<li>a worker fell off a ladder and died,<\/li>\n<li>a fatal traffic accident occurred after hitting a pile of salt on the road,<\/li>\n<li>foundation underpinning does not appear adequate,<\/li>\n<li>land or a basement flooded,<\/li>\n<li>a land slide occurred,<\/li>\n<li>etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The majority of failures that are investigated by forensic engineers are quite ordinary, at least in the engineering world, and are not ongoing, news-grabbing events.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Assisting the court<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>If the dispute can&#8217;t be resolved and it goes to trial the forensic engineer as an\u00a0expert presents and explains\u00a0the evidence, facts, and opinions\u00a0to\u00a0help the\u00a0judge or jury\u00a0understand the technical issues so that the verdict will be proper within the law.<\/p>\n<p>In a dispute resulting in civil litigation, it is the\u00a0role of the forensic engineering expert to objectively provide evidence, regardless of whether it favours the plaintiff or the defendant.<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Association of Soil and Foundation Engineers (ASFE), <em>Expert: A guide to forensic engineering and service as an expert witness, <\/em>1985<\/li>\n<li>Cooper, Chris, <em>Forensic Science, <\/em>DK Publishing, New York, 2008<\/li>\n<li>Suprenant, Ph.D., P.E., Bruce A., Ed., <em>Forensic Engineering, Vol. 1, Number 1, <\/em>Pergamon Press, 1987<\/li>\n<li>American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), <em>Guidelines for Failure Investigation, 1989<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Lewis, Gary L., Ed., American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), <em>Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice<\/em>, 2003<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>I thought to\u00a0re-issue my answer to this question (see\u00a0below) after reading an updated edition &#8211; 2012,\u00a0of\u00a0&#8216;Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice&#8217;.\u00a0\u00a0The\u00a0comprehensive Guidelines\u00a0were originally\u00a0published by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 2003.\u00a0\u00a0ASCE saw changes in the practice of forensic engineering &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2015\/07\/30\/what-is-forensic-civil-engineering\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3805"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3805"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3805\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3849,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3805\/revisions\/3849"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3805"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3805"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3805"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}