{"id":5310,"date":"2017-01-12T13:43:49","date_gmt":"2017-01-12T17:43:49","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/?p=5310"},"modified":"2017-01-12T13:43:49","modified_gmt":"2017-01-12T17:43:49","slug":"where-does-civil-litigation-come-from-and-how-much","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2017\/01\/12\/where-does-civil-litigation-come-from-and-how-much\/","title":{"rendered":"Where does civil litigation come from, and how much?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>It comes from the built environment.\u00a0 Exactly where\u00a0in the environment and how problems can develop &#8211; and owners experience damage &#8211; is seen below in\u00a0the answer to this question.\u00a0 A simple, high-school-level multiplication\u00a0at the end of\u00a0this short\u00a0blog &#8211;\u00a0but first, a few easily\u00a0understood comments on what&#8217;s involved in engineering..<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<strong>Engineering at its best<\/strong> addresses the concerns and accommodates the\u00a0interests of the parties involved\u00a0at\u00a0each\u00a0stage\u00a0in the life cycle of an engineered facility.<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Seeing a need<\/li>\n<li>Conceptualizing how to meet\u00a0the need<\/li>\n<li>Planning<\/li>\n<li>Investigating<\/li>\n<li>Designing<\/li>\n<li>Constructing<\/li>\n<li>Inspecting<\/li>\n<li>Operating<\/li>\n<li>Maintaining<\/li>\n<li>Renovating<\/li>\n<li>Reconfiguring, and,<\/li>\n<li>Decommissioning<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>The goal of the engineering effort can be seen as satisfying the concerns of people at each of these stages, or at least dissatisfying them as little as possible.&#8221;\u00a0 (Ref. 1)<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p><strong>I added<\/strong><em> Seeing a Need<\/em> to\u00a0this well thought-out list in Ref. 1 because you can&#8217;t conceptualize meeting a need until you recognize you&#8217;ve got one.<\/p>\n<p>I added <em>Investigating<\/em> because it&#8217;s an important stage, particularly<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>for the part of a facility below the ground surface,<\/li>\n<li>for earthworks of any kind,<\/li>\n<li>for anything that impacts\u00a0the environment and<\/li>\n<li>when new materials and design and construction procedures are involved.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>And I added <em>Inspecting<\/em>\u00a0because it&#8217;s important\u00a0to ensuring the facility is\u00a0constructed according to the design, for the agreed cost.<\/p>\n<p>***<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<strong>Forensic engineering<\/strong> can be defined as applying engineering principles, knowledge and experience to problems and failures where legal liability may be decided in a legal forum.\u00a0 However, much of the work of forensic engineering leads to the resolution of a problem without formal legal proceedings.&#8221; (after Ref. 1)<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;<strong>Failure<\/strong> can be defined as an unacceptable difference between an actual condition and the\u00a0intended or reasonably anticipated condition of\u00a0an engineered facility.\u00a0 Failure may not involve a complete or even partial collapse.\u00a0 It may involve a less catastrophic deficiency or\u00a0performance problem such as unacceptable: (after Ref. 1)<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>potholes in the pavement,<\/li>\n<li>foundation settlement,<\/li>\n<li>structural movement and\u00a0cracking,<\/li>\n<li>earthworks, slope\u00a0and retaining wall movement,<\/li>\n<li>water and weather\u00a0damage,<\/li>\n<li>leaking roof,<\/li>\n<li>environmental contamination,<\/li>\n<li>structure and infra-structure maintenance,<\/li>\n<li>repair of a problem, and,<\/li>\n<li>mechanical and electrical equipment operation.&#8221;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>One writer identified\u00a0209 ways a building can fail &#8211; and that was just in the part of the building above the ground surface.\u00a0(Ref. 2)\u00a0 A building can also fail in numerous ways below\u00a0ground.\u00a0 In fact, the part of the structure below ground &#8211; foundation, basement, utility pipes, drainage systems &#8211; is in many ways the most complex part to design and construct.\u00a0 Not the most glamorous part, just\u00a0the most\u00a0complex.\u00a0 Another writer identified\u00a0numerous ways\u00a0that a building&#8217;s basement\u00a0and foundations can cause problems.\u00a0(Ref. 3)<\/p>\n<p>Contractors will tell you they\u00a0are\u00a0glad when they get out of the ground and start erecting the upper part of\u00a0a structure.<\/p>\n<p>A building is just one of the many 100s of different structures\u00a0with their\u00a0component parts that comprise the built environment &#8211; think about that, 1 of many 100s.\u00a0 Look around next time you&#8217;re outside and count just the ones you see.<\/p>\n<p>When can a structure fail in it&#8217;s life cycle &#8211;\u00a0in the process from it&#8217;s inception and birth to it&#8217;s decommissioning at the end of it&#8217;s useful life?\u00a0\u00a0At any of\u00a0the 12 stages in the list above.<\/p>\n<p>To\u00a0answer the question, <strong>Where does civil litigation come<\/strong> <strong>from? \u00a0<\/strong>Count the places:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>many 100s of different structures<\/li>\n<li>multiplied by 100s of ways\u00a0some can fail<\/li>\n<li>multiplied by\u00a0the 12 stages\u00a0in\u00a0an engineered facility&#8217;s life<\/li>\n<li>multiplied by the\u00a0different parties at each stage who might feel wronged and entitled to damages.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>At it&#8217;s simplest, allowing\u00a0two wronged parties at each stage,\u00a0almost a\u00a0quarter of a million ways that civil litigation can develop &#8211; 240,000.<\/p>\n<p>I&#8217;m sure a similar calculation could be done for personal injury accidents in the built environment.\u00a0 For example, the numerous slip, trip and fall accidents &#8211; likely more than the\u00a0traffic accidents in the Atlantic provinces\u00a0in 2016.<\/p>\n<p><strong>References<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Kardon, Joshua\u00a0B., ed,, <em>Guidelines for Forensic Engineering Practice<\/em>, The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), Reston, Virginia, 2012<\/li>\n<li>Nicastro, David H., ed., <em>Failure Mechanisms in Building Construction<\/em>, ASCE, Reston, Virginia, 1997<\/li>\n<li>The National Research Council of Canada, <em>Performance Guidelines for Basement Envelope Systems and Materials, Final Research Report<\/em>, April 2007<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It comes from the built environment.\u00a0 Exactly where\u00a0in the environment and how problems can develop &#8211; and owners experience damage &#8211; is seen below in\u00a0the answer to this question.\u00a0 A simple, high-school-level multiplication\u00a0at the end of\u00a0this short\u00a0blog &#8211;\u00a0but first, a &hellip; <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/2017\/01\/12\/where-does-civil-litigation-come-from-and-how-much\/\">Continue reading <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5310"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5310"}],"version-history":[{"count":58,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5310\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5374,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5310\/revisions\/5374"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5310"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5310"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.ericjorden.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5310"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}